Analysis of a Classic Chinese Poem: 贺新郎·乳燕飞华屋

# Analysis of "贺新郎·乳燕飞华屋" - Classical Chinese Poetry

## Introduction  
The poem *"Hè Xīnláng·Rǔ Yàn Fēi Huá Wū"* (贺新郎·乳燕飞华屋) was written by **Su Shi** (苏轼, 1037–1101), one of the greatest poets of the Song Dynasty. Known by his literary name **Dongpo**, Su Shi was a polymath—a poet, calligrapher, painter, and statesman—whose works reflect deep philosophical insights and emotional richness.  

This *ci* (lyric poetry) is part of the *Hè Xīnláng* tune pattern and is celebrated for its delicate imagery and melancholic undertones. It blends observations of nature with human emotions, a hallmark of Su Shi’s style. The poem captures fleeting beauty and unspoken longing, making it a timeless piece in Chinese literature.

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## The Poem: Full Text and Translation  

> **贺新郎·乳燕飞华屋**  
> *Hè Xīnláng·Rǔ Yàn Fēi Huá Wū*  
> *Congratulating the Groom·Young Swallows Fly Past Ornate Houses*  

> **乳燕飞华屋，悄无人、桐阴转午，晚凉新浴。**  
> *Rǔ yàn fēi huá wū, qiǎo wú rén, tóng yīn zhuǎn wǔ, wǎn liáng xīn yù.*  
> Young swallows flit past ornate houses; silent, empty.  
> The parasol tree’s shade shifts past noon; evening cool follows a fresh bath.  

> **手弄生绡白团扇，扇手一时似玉。**  
> *Shǒu nòng shēng xiāo bái tuán shàn, shàn shǒu yīshí sì yù.*  
> She toys with a raw-silk round fan—fan and hand, both jade-like.  

> **渐困倚、孤眠清熟。**  
> *Jiàn kùn yǐ, gū mián qīng shú.*  
> Gradually drowsy, she leans alone into serene slumber.  

> **帘外谁来推绣户？枉教人、梦断瑶台曲。**  
> *Lián wài shéi lái tuī xiù hù? Wǎng jiào rén, mèng duàn yáotái qū.*  
> Who’s pushing the embroidered door beyond the curtain?  
> Vainly, her dream of the Jade Terrace’s melody is shattered.  

> **又却是，风敲竹。**  
> *Yòu què shì, fēng qiāo zhú.*  
> Only the wind, tapping bamboo.  

> **石榴半吐红巾蹙。**  
> *Shíliú bàn tǔ hóng jīn cù.*  
> Pomegranate blossoms half-open, like crumpled crimson scarves.  

> **待浮花、浪蕊都尽，伴君幽独。**  
> *Dài fú huā, làng ruǐ dōu jìn, bàn jūn yōu dú.*  
> When flashy, fickle flowers fade, they’ll stay, accompanying your quiet solitude.  

> **秾艳一枝细看取，芳心千重似束。**  
> *Nóng yàn yī zhī xì kàn qǔ, fāng xīn qiān chóng shì shù.*  
> Gaze closely at this lush branch: a fragrant heart, layered and tightly bound.  

> **又恐被、秋风惊绿。**  
> *Yòu kǒng bèi, qiūfēng jīng lǜ.*  
> Yet I fear the autumn wind may startle its green away.  

> **若待得君来向此，花前对酒不忍触。**  
> *Ruò dài dé jūn lái xiàng cǐ, huā qián duì jiǔ bù rěn chù.*  
> If you came here by then, before these blooms, we’d drink, but couldn’t bear to touch them.  

> **共粉泪，两簌簌。**  
> *Gòng fěn lèi, liǎng sù sù.*  
> Tears and petals would scatter together.  

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## Line-by-Line Analysis  

1. **Opening Imagery (Lines 1–3)**  
   - The "young swallows" symbolize fleeting youth and vitality. The "empty house" and "shifting shade" evoke loneliness and the passage of time.  
   - The woman’s "jade-like hand" with the fan suggests elegance but also fragility—a metaphor for unfulfilled beauty.  

2. **Interrupted Dream (Lines 4–6)**  
   - The "Jade Terrace" (瑶台) is a mythical paradise in Chinese lore. Her dream’s rupture mirrors the impermanence of happiness.  
   - The "wind tapping bamboo" is a subtle, poignant sound—nature intruding on human sorrow.  

3. **Pomegranate Symbolism (Lines 7–10)**  
   - The pomegranate, blooming late, represents enduring loyalty amid transient beauty ("flashy flowers").  
   - "Fragrant heart, layered and bound" hints on concealed emotions, possibly unspoken love.  

4. **Fear and Longing (Lines 11–14)**  
   - The "autumn wind" threatens decay, reflecting anxiety over time eroding love or life.  
   - The finale—tears and falling petals—unites human grief and nature’s cycles in a visceral image.  

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## Themes and Symbolism  

1. **Transience vs. Constancy**  
   - Contrast between fleeting swallows/flowers and the pomegranate’s resilience.  
   - The fan (a summer object) and autumn wind highlight seasonal change.  

2. **Loneliness and Longing**  
   - The solitary woman’s interrupted dream parallels Su Shi’s own political exile and yearning for connection.  

3. **Cultural Symbols**  
   - **Pomegranate** (石榴): Fertility, loyalty, and hidden depths in Chinese poetry.  
   - **Jade Terrace** (瑶台): A Daoist immortal realm, emphasizing unattainable ideals.  

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## Cultural Context  

- Written during the **Song Dynasty** (960–1279), a golden age for *ci* poetry, where emotions were expressed through natural metaphors.  
- Su Shi often wove **Daoist** and **Buddhist** ideas into his work, embracing impermanence (*无常*) and finding solace in nature.  
- The poem’s blend of romantic and philosophical tones reflects the **literati tradition**—scholars using art to navigate personal and political turmoil.  

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## Conclusion  

*"Hè Xīnláng·Rǔ Yàn Fēi Huá Wū"* is a masterclass in subtlety. Su Shi transforms a quiet moment—a nap, a breeze—into a meditation on love, time, and resilience. Its layered imagery (swallows, fans, pomegranates) invites readers to uncover deeper meanings, much like the "thousand-fold" heart of the flower.  

Today, the poem resonates as a reminder of beauty’s fragility and the courage to bloom despite life’s autumn winds. For English readers, it offers a window into the **emotional precision** and **philosophical depth** that define classical Chinese poetry.  

*"Tears and petals scatter together"—perhaps the most human truth of all.*