Analysis of "送孟东野序" - Classical Chinese Poetry

Introduction

"送孟东野序" (Sòng Mèng Dōngyě Xù), or "Preface to Seeing Off Meng Dongye," is a famous prose piece written by the Tang Dynasty poet and scholar Han Yu (768–824). Han Yu was a central figure in the Classical Prose Movement, advocating for a return to the clear and concise style of ancient Chinese literature. This work is not a poem but a preface written for his friend Meng Jiao (Mèng Dōngyě), a poet known for his melancholic and introspective verses.

The preface explores the idea that great literary and artistic achievements often arise from suffering and hardship, a theme deeply rooted in Chinese literary tradition. Han Yu's writing reflects Confucian ideals while also expressing empathy for his friend's struggles.

The Poem: Full Text and Translation

Since "送孟东野序" is a prose piece, here is an excerpt along with a translation:

大凡物不得其平则鸣
Dàfán wù bùdé qí píng zé míng
Generally, when things are not at peace, they produce sound.

草木之无声，风挠之鸣。
Cǎomù zhī wúshēng, fēng náo zhī míng.
Plants and trees make no sound, but when the wind stirs them, they cry out.

水之无声，风荡之鸣。
Shuǐ zhī wúshēng, fēng dàng zhī míng.
Water makes no sound, but when the wind agitates it, it resounds.

Line-by-Line Analysis

1. "大凡物不得其平则鸣" – This opening line sets the central theme: imbalance leads to expression. Han Yu suggests that suffering and injustice inspire great writing, much like how natural forces create sound.
2. "草木之无声，风挠之鸣。" – The imagery of plants and trees "crying out" when disturbed by wind symbolizes how poets, like nature, respond to external pressures.
3. "水之无声，风荡之鸣。" – Water, normally silent, resonates when agitated. This reinforces the idea that hardship gives voice to the voiceless.

Themes and Symbolism

• Suffering and Creativity – Han Yu argues that adversity fuels artistic expression, a concept later echoed in Western literature (e.g., "The artist must suffer to create").
• Nature as Metaphor – The wind represents external struggles, while plants and water symbolize poets who respond to these challenges.
• Confucian Influence – The text aligns with Confucian ideals of moral responsibility, suggesting scholars must speak out against injustice.

Cultural Context

During the Tang Dynasty, scholars like Han Yu and Meng Jiao faced political turmoil and personal hardship. Meng Jiao, despite his talent, lived in poverty, which Han Yu saw as both a tragedy and a source of poetic brilliance. This preface reflects the Chinese belief that struggle refines character and art.

Conclusion

"送孟东野序" is a profound meditation on the relationship between suffering and creativity. Han Yu's elegant prose and universal themes make this work timeless, resonating with anyone who believes that great art emerges from life's challenges. Today, it remains a testament to the enduring power of literature to give voice to human struggle.